chp 16

I.     Smaller European revolutions occurred in 1830, 1848, and 1870.

a.      these revolutions expressed ideas of republicanism, greater social equality, and liberation from foreign rule

b.     voting rights were enlarged: by 1914, major states of Western Europe, the United States, and Argentina had universal male suffrage

c.      even in Russia, there was a constitutional movement in 1825

d.     abolitionist, nationalist, and feminist movements arose to question other patterns of exclusion 
and oppression 


II.  The Abolition of Slavery

a.      slavery was largely ended around the world between 1780 and 1890

b.     Enlightenment thinkers were increasingly critical of slavery

                                               i.     American and French revolutions focused attention on slaves’ lack of liberty and equality

                                             ii.     religious groups, especially Quakers and Protestant evangelicals, became increasingly vocal 
in opposition to slavery

                                            iii.     a growing belief that slavery wasn’t necessary for economic progress 


c.      three major slave rebellions in the British West Indies showed that slaves were discontent; brutality of suppression appalled people

d.     abolitionist movements were most powerful in Britain

                                               i.     1807: Britain forbade the sale of slaves within its empire

                                             ii.     1834: Britain emancipated all slaves

                                            iii.     other nations followed suit under growing international pressure

                                            iv.     most Latin American countries abolished slavery by the 1850s

                                              v.     Brazil was the last to do so in 1888

                                            vi.     Russian serfs were emancipated in 1861

e.      resistance to abolition was vehement among interested parties

f.      abolition often didn’t lead to the expected results

                                               i.     usually there was little improvement in the economic lives of former slaves

                                             ii.     the unwillingness of former slaves to work on plantations led to a new wave of global 
migration, especially from India and China

                                            iii.     few of the newly freed gained anything like political equality

                                            iv.     most former Russian serfs remained impoverished

                                              v.     more slaves were used within Africa to produce export crops

in the Islamic world, slavery persisted, but freeing slaves was encouraged